From: The CIA's 'THE WORLD FACTBOOK 1997'

Portugal




Geography

Location: Southwestern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Spain
Geographic coordinates: 39 30 N, 8 00 W
Map references: Europe

Area:
total: 92,391 sq km
land: 91,951 sq km
water: 440 sq km
note: includes Azores and Madeira Islands

Area - comparative: slightly smaller than Indiana

Land boundaries:
total: 1,214 km
border countries: Spain 1,214 km

Coastline: 1,793 km

Maritime claims:
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm

Climate: maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south

Terrain: mountainous north of the Tagus, rolling plains in south

Elevation extremes:
lowest point : Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Ponta do Pico in Azores 2,351 m

Natural resources: fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron ore, uranium ore, marble

Land use:
arable land : 26%
permanent crops: 9%
permanent pastures: 9%
forests and woodland: 36%
other : 20% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land: 6,300 sq km (1993 est.)

Natural hazards: Azores subject to severe earthquakes

Environment - current issues: soil erosion; air pollution caused by industrial
and vehicle emissions; water pollution, especially in coastal areas

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine Life
Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified : Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Tropical Timber 94

Geography - note: Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations
along western sea approaches to Strait of Gibraltar

People

Population: 9,931,045 (July 1997 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 17% (male 895,294; female 848,133)
15-64 years: 68% (male 3,280,015; female 3,429,007)
65 years and over: 15% (male 605,074; female 873,522) (July 1997 est.)

Population growth rate: -0.01% (1997 est.)

Birth rate: 10.75 births/1,000 population (1997 est.)

Death rate: 10.3 deaths/1,000 population (1997 est.)

Net migration rate: -0.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1997 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female
total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (1997 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1997 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 75.42 years
male: 72.02 years
female: 79.04 years (1997 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.36 children born/woman (1997 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Portuguese (singular and plural)
adjective: Portuguese

Ethnic groups: homogeneous Mediterranean stock in mainland, Azores,
Madeira Islands; citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland
during decolonization number less than 100,000

Religions: Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant denominations 1%, other 2%

Languages: Portuguese

Literacy:
definition : age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 85%
male: 89%
female: 82% (1990 est.)

Government

Country name:
conventional long form: Portuguese Republic
conventional short form: Portugal
local long form: Republica Portuguesa
local short form: Portugal

Data code: PO

Government type: parliamentary democracy

National capital: Lisbon

Administrative divisions: 18 districts (distritos, singular - distrito) and 2
autonomous regions* (regioes autonomas, singular - regiao autonoma); Aveiro,
Acores (Azores)*, Beja, Braga, Braganca, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Evora,
Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisboa, Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto, Santarem, Setubal,
Viana do Castelo, Vila Real, Viseu

Dependent areas: Macau (scheduled to become a Special Administrative
Region of China on 20 December 1999)

Independence: 1140 (independent republic proclaimed 5 October 1910)

National holiday: Day of Portugal, 10 June (1580)

Constitution: 25 April 1976, revised 30 October 1982, 1 June 1989, and 5
November 1992

Legal system: civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the
constitutionality of legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Jorge SAMPAIO (since 9 March 1996)
head of government: Prime Minister Antonio Manuel de Oliviera GUTERRES
(since 28 October 1995)
cabinet : Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
note: there is also a Council of State that acts as a consultative body to thepresident
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last
held 14 January 1996 (next to be held NA January 2001); following assembly
elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is
usually appointed prime minister by the president
election results: Jorge SAMPAIO elected president; percent of vote - Jorge
SAMPAIO (Socialist) 53.8%, Anibal CAVACO SILVA (Conservative) 46.2%

Legislative branch: unicameral Assembly of the Republic or Assembleia da
Republica (230 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year
terms)
elections : last held 1 October 1995 (next to be held by NA October 1999)
election results: percent of vote by party - PSD 34.0%, PS 43.8%, CDU
8.6%, CDS/PP 9.1%; seats by party - PSD 88, PS 112, CDU 15, CDS/PP 15

Judicial branch: Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal de Justica, judges
appointed for life by the Conselho Superior da Magistratura

Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party or PSD [Marcelo
Rebelo DE SOUSA]; Portuguese Socialist Party or PS [Antonio GUTERRES];
Portuguese Communist Party or PCP [Carlos CARVALHAS]; Popular Party or
PP [Paulo PORTAS], may have joined the CDS for the election; National
Solidarity Party or PSN [Manuel SERGIO]; Center Democratic Party or CDS;
United Democratic Coalition or CDU (communists)

International organization participation: AfDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC,
CE, CERN, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, EU, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer),
MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS
(observer), OECD, OSCE, PCA, UN, UN Security Council (temporary),
UNAVEM III, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIBH, UNMOP, UPU,
WCL, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Fernando Antonio de Lacerda ANDRESEN GUIMARAES
chancery: 2125 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone : [1] (202) 328-8610
FAX: [1] (202) 462-3726
consulate(s) general: Boston, New York, Newark (New Jersey), and San Francisco
consulate(s): Los Angeles, New Bedford (Massachusetts), Providence (Rhode
Island), Washington, DC

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Gerald S. McGowan
embassy: Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600 Lisbon
mailing address : PSC 83, APO AE 09726
telephone: [351] (1) 727-3300
FAX: [351] (1) 7269109
consulate(s): Ponta Delgada (Azores)

Flag description: two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red
(three-fifths) with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on the dividing line

Economy

Economy - overview: Portugal's short-term economic fundamentals remain
strong: the economy has grown by more than 2% during the past two years, with
similar growth expected in 1997. The Socialist government's primary economic
goal is to place Portugal in the first group of countries adopting the single
European currency, and it has instituted a disciplined 1997 budget to bolster
Lisbon's chances. Portuguese government forecasts suggest that it is likely to
meet partially the Maastricht monetary convergence criteria by lowering its
budget deficit from 4% of GDP in 1996 to 2.9% in 1997, although the
government predicts that government debt will be cut only to 68% of GDP,
overshooting Maastricht's 60% target. Social programs - a priority for the
Socialists - will still grow slightly faster than GDP in 1997, mandating strict
budget discipline in other areas. As for the long run, Portugal is increasing its
infrastructure spending - much of it in anticipation of hosting the world's
International Exposition in 1998 - while working to modernize its capital plant
and increase competitiveness in hopes of increasing Portugal's GDP, which
remains below 65% of the EU's average GDP per capita.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $122.1 billion (1996 est.)

GDP - real growth rate: 2.5% (1996 est.)

GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $12,400 (1996 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture : 6%
industry: 36%
services: 58% (1995 est.)

Inflation rate - consumer price index: 3.4% (1996 est.)

Labor force:
total: 4.53 million (1996 est.)
by occupation : services 54.5%, manufacturing 24.4%, agriculture, forestry,
fisheries 11.2%, construction 8.3%, utilities 1.0%, mining 0.5% (1992)

Unemployment rate: 7% (1996 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $48 billion
expenditures: $52 billion, including capital expenditures of $7.4 billion (1996 est.)

Industries: textiles and footwear; wood pulp, paper, and cork; metalworking;
oil refining; chemicals; fish canning; wine; tourism

Industrial production growth rate: 2.2% (1996 est.)

Electricity - capacity: 8.83 million kW (1994)

Electricity - production: 33.1 billion kWh (1995)

Electricity - consumption per capita: 2,863 kWh (1995 est.)

Agriculture - products: grain, potatoes, olives, grapes; sheep, cattle, goats,
poultry, meat, dairy products

Exports:
total value: $25.8 billion (f.o.b., 1996)
commodities: clothing and footwear, machinery, cork and paper products, hides
partners : EU 80%, other developed countries 9% (US 4.5%)

Imports:
total value: $34.2 billion (c.i.f., 1996)
commodities: machinery and transport equipment, agricultural products,
chemicals, petroleum, textiles
partners: EU 72%, other developed countries 8% (US 3%), less developed
countries 17%

Debt - external: $13.6 billion (1996 est.)

Economic aid:
donor: ODA, $248 million (1993)
recipient : ODA, $70 million (1993)

Currency: 1 Portuguese escudo (Esc) = 100 centavos

Exchange rates: Portuguese escudos (Esc) per US$1 - 160.35 (January
1997), 154.24 (1996), 151.11 (1995), 165.99 (1994), 160.80 (1993), 135.00
(1992)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Communications

Telephones: 3,444,300 (1994 est.)

Telephone system:
domestic: generally adequate integrated network of coaxial cables, open wire,
microwave radio relay, and domestic satellite earth stations
international: 6 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic
Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to Azores; note -
an earth station for Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean Region) is planned

Radio broadcast stations: AM 57, FM 66 (repeaters 22), shortwave 0

Radios: 2.2 million (1993 est.)

Television broadcast stations: 66 (repeaters 23)

Televisions: 2,970,892 (1993 est.)

Transportation

Railways:
total: 3,068 km
broad gauge: 2,761 km 1.668-m gauge (464 km electrified; 426 km double
track)
narrow gauge: 307 km 1.000-m gauge
note : in 1994, Portugal had 3,520 km of track of which 464 km were electrified

Highways:
total: 68,732 km
paved: 59,110 km (including 587 km of expressways)
unpaved: 9,622 km (1995 est.)

Waterways: 820 km navigable; relatively unimportant to national economy, used
by shallow-draft craft limited to 300 metric-ton cargo capacity

Pipelines: crude oil 22 km; petroleum products 58 km
note: there is a 700 km natural gas pipeline which connects with one in Spain
carrying Algerian natural gas which is to open in 1997; the secondary lines that
will be 300 km long have not yet been built

Ports and harbors: Aveiro, Funchal (Madeira Islands), Horta (Azores),
Leixoes, Lisbon, Porto, Ponta Delgada (Azores), Praia da Vitoria (Azores),
Setubal, Viana do Castelo

Merchant marine:
total: 84 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 556,069 GRT/906,790 DWT
ships by type: bulk 9, cargo 47, chemical tanker 6, container 5, liquefied gas
tanker 4, oil tanker 7, passenger-cargo 1, refrigerated cargo 1, roll-on/roll-off
cargo 2, short-sea passenger 2
note: Portugal has created a captive register on Madeira for Portuguese-owned
ships; ships on the Madeira Register (MAR) will have taxation and crewing
benefits of a flag of convenience; Portugal owns an additional 10 ships (1,000
GRT or over) totaling 322,887 DWT operating under the registries of Cyprus,
Liberia, and Panama (1996 est.)

Airports: 67 (1996 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total : 66
over 3,047 m: 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 8
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 18
under 914 m: 32 (1996 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (1996 est.)

Military

Military branches: Army, Navy (includes Marines), Air Force, National
Republican Guard, Fiscal Guard, Public Security Police

Military manpower - military age: 20 years of age

Military manpower - availability:
males age 15-49: 2,543,502 (1997 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
males: 2,049,806 (1997 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
males: 80,494 (1997 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure: $2.07 billion (1996)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 1.9% (1996)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international: sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor province)
disputed with Indonesia and not recognized by the UN

Illicit drugs: important gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering the
European market; transshipment point for hashish from North Africa to Europe;
consumer of Southwest Asian heroin